Symptoms

Pain in flanks, blood stained urine, fever, etc.

Treatment

For Kidney stones -

• Up to 2cm size - ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy).
  
  
  
  
  
• Size more than 2cm - PCNL (Per Cutanous Nephrolithotomy - Endoscopic removal).
  
  
  
  
  
• Larger stone requires combination of the above two procedures (PCNL+ESWL).

Alternative treatment -

Flexible Ureterorenoscopy (URS) + Laser. It is also known as RIRS (Retrograde Intra Renal Surgery). Disadvantage of this highly sophisticated and delicate equipment is very high cost

Pyloplasty

• It is a surgical procedure where pelvi - ureteric junction is repaired surgically. (open / laparoscopically).